North Indian Wootz Tabarzin Axe

The saddle axe, known as the tabar (Persian: تبر) or tabarzin (light axe), is a weapon that holds a significant place in the martial traditions of North India. These weapons, used by mounted warriors, exemplify the combination of practicality and artistry characteristic of Indian arms and armor.

The tabar originated as a simple tool for chopping but evolved into a sophisticated weapon used in warfare and ceremonial contexts. Its history is intertwined with the martial traditions of North India, where cavalry units relied heavily on mobility and versatility.

The saddle axe was particularly effective in mounted combat, where its short haft and broad blade allowed for quick, powerful strikes. It was often secured to the saddle for easy access, making it a secondary weapon for warriors engaged in melee combat.

This lovely 18th C. North Indian tabarzin axe has a chiseled forte and wootz blade.  The haft covered in leather with wire work.  Some older restorations but otherwise in fine condition.  The axehead displays a fine quality chiseling displaying Persian influence.

In Indian warfare, the tabar and tabarzin were prized for their ability to deliver devastating blows against both armor and unprotected enemies. They were particularly useful against heavily armored foes, as the concentrated force of the blade could penetrate chainmail and plated armor.

These axes were also symbolic, often carried by officers and nobles as a mark of their status. The Mughal emperors and their generals frequently adorned their tabars with intricate designs, gilding, and precious materials to signify their rank and authority.

The use of axes in Indian martial arts is documented in texts and oral traditions. While specific treatises focusing on the tabar are rare, the weapon is included in the broader study of weapons training in arts such as:

Kalaripayattu: Though primarily a South Indian tradition, its influence extended into the martial training of the Mughal and Rajput courts, where weaponry training often included the use of the axe.

Gatka: Practiced by the Sikh martial tradition, Gatka incorporates a variety of weapons, including axes, in both ceremonial and combat training contexts.

Techniques for the tabar involved circular motions to maximize cutting power and defensive maneuvers to parry blows. Its short haft made it suitable for close-quarters combat, while the heavy blade allowed for impactful strikes.

Saddle axes from North India exhibit a variety of forms, often reflecting the regional styles of craftsmanship and martial requirements:

Blade: Typically crescent-shaped and forged from high-quality steel, sometimes with a reinforced spine or decorative motifs.

Haft: Made from wood, steel, or other materials, often wrapped with leather for a secure grip, such as this example.

Decorative Features: Tabars often featured exquisite craftsmanship, with engravings, inlaid gold or silver, and inscriptions of verses from the Quran or Hindu texts. The hafts were occasionally adorned with jewels or carvings of mythological creatures.

In addition to its battlefield utility, the tabar held ceremonial importance. Mughal emperors and Rajput rulers often gifted ornate tabars as symbols of honor and allegiance. These axes were displayed prominently during royal processions and court ceremonies, further emphasizing their dual role as weapons and status symbols.

There are multiple references to battles where axes were wielded to great effect including:

Battle of Haldighati (1576): Rajput warriors led by Maharana Pratap are said to have used tabars in their desperate charges against Mughal forces, highlighting the weapon's importance in close combat.

Sikh Wars (1845–1846): Sikh warriors frequently carried tabar-style axes, reflecting their martial ethos and the influence of North Indian weaponry on Sikh armaments.